- Pre-design, programming & feasibility
- The work before design: establishing what the building must contain and do. Programming counts the spaces and their adjacencies; a feasibility study tests whether the program fits the site, the zoning and the budget. Often sold as a separate contract so a client can stop before committing to full design.
- Owner's Project Requirements (OPR) & basis of design
- The OPR is the owner's written statement of goals, performance criteria and success measures; the basis of design (BOD) is the design team's written explanation of how the design meets them. Together they are the reference document for commissioning and the first thing pulled when a dispute starts.
- Schematic Design (SD)
- The first design phase: overall form, massing, plan organization and site strategy, tested against program and a preliminary budget. Deliverables are diagrammatic — enough for the owner to approve a direction, not enough to build from.
- Design Development (DD)
- The approved schematic is resolved: dimensions fixed, structural and MEP systems selected, major materials and assemblies chosen, key details studied. Ends with a set detailed enough for a reliable cost estimate.
- Construction Documents (CD)
- The drawings and specifications a contractor builds from and a jurisdiction reviews for permit. The largest phase by fee share and hours, and where errors become expensive because they surface as RFIs and change orders on site.
- Bidding & negotiation
- The phase between a finished CD set and a signed construction contract: issuing documents to bidders, running the pre-bid meeting, answering bidder questions through addenda, and helping the owner evaluate bids and award.
- Construction Administration (CA)
- The architect's role during construction — site observation, answering RFIs, reviewing submittals, certifying pay applications, issuing supplemental instructions, and punch list. The architect administers the contract; the contractor controls means and methods, and the distinction is a liability firewall.
- Request for Information (RFI)
- A contractor's formal written question about the documents. A high RFI count is read as a signal of document quality, so tracking RFIs per drawing or per million dollars of construction is a common internal quality metric.
- Submittal & shop drawing review
- The contractor submits product data, samples and fabrication drawings; the architect reviews only for conformance with design intent, not for dimensional accuracy or quantity. That limited review scope is deliberate and is stated on every stamp.
- Addendum
- A formal change to the bid documents issued before the construction contract is signed. Everything after that point is a change order instead — the timing difference is the whole distinction.
- Change order
- A signed modification to the construction contract adjusting scope, cost or schedule. Owner-driven changes are expected; changes traced to document errors or omissions are where professional liability exposure lives.
- Punch list
- The list of incomplete or non-conforming items compiled at substantial completion. Working it off is the last phase of construction administration and the most common source of end-of-project friction.
- Substantial completion & certificate of occupancy
- Substantial completion is the contractual milestone where the owner can occupy for the intended use — it starts warranties and shifts risk. The certificate of occupancy is the separate legal permission from the jurisdiction to occupy. They usually arrive close together but are not the same thing.
- AIA B101 owner-architect agreement
- The standard AIA contract between owner and architect for full design services. Defines the basic-services phases, additional services, the architect's construction-phase role, fee structure, and limitations of liability. The industry default, and the document a client should be walked through rather than handed.
- Standard of care
- The legal benchmark an architect is measured against: the skill and diligence ordinarily used by architects practicing under similar conditions in the same locality at the same time. Not perfection — which is why contract language promising a 'perfect' or 'error-free' set is a trap that can void insurance coverage.
- Professional liability / errors & omissions (E&O)
- The insurance covering claims arising from professional negligence. Written on a claims-made basis, so coverage must stay continuous for years after a project closes. Premiums track revenue, project type and claims history, and a client's certificate-of-insurance requirements often set the minimum limits a firm must carry.
- Level of Development (LOD)
- A shared scale (LOD 100 through 500) describing how reliable a BIM element's geometry and data are at a given moment. Prevents the classic failure where a contractor takes dimensions off a model element that was never meant to be measured.
- BIM Execution Plan (BEP)
- The agreement among project team members on how the model will be built and used: software versions, shared coordinates, file exchange cadence, model ownership, naming conventions and LOD by element. Skipping it is the leading cause of coordination failure on multi-consultant projects.
- Clash detection
- Automated checking of federated models for physical conflicts — duct through beam, sprinkler through light fixture. Catching them in the model is orders of magnitude cheaper than catching them in the field, which is the core BIM value argument.
- Revit family
- A parametric component in Revit — a door, window, casework unit, light fixture — carrying geometry plus data. A firm's curated family library is real intellectual property: it encodes standard details, tested assemblies and consistent schedules across every project.
- As-builts & redlines
- Redlines are hand markups on a printed or digital set recording changes; as-builts (record drawings) are the updated documents reflecting what was actually constructed. Accurate as-builts are what make future renovation, adaptive reuse and facility management possible — and are chronically neglected.
- Stamp & seal
- The registered architect's seal applied to drawings submitted for permit, signifying they were prepared by or under the responsible control of that architect. It is a legal act, not a formality — sealing work you did not control is a licensure violation in every state.
- Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
- Whichever body actually enforces the code on this project — city building department, fire marshal, health department, state agency, or several at once with conflicting interpretations. Knowing the local AHJ's habits is a large part of what regional experience is worth.
- Code review
- The systematic analysis of a design against the applicable codes: occupancy classification, construction type, allowable area and height, egress capacity and travel distance, fire separation, accessibility. Usually summarized on a code plan sheet that is the first thing a plan reviewer opens.
- International Building Code (IBC)
- The model building code published by the International Code Council and adopted, with local amendments, by most US jurisdictions. The adopted edition and the amendments matter more than the base code — they vary city to city and change on a cycle.
- Zoning entitlement
- The land-use approvals that establish what may be built on a site before any building permit is possible — rezoning, planned unit development, conditional use, height or density bonuses. Entitlement risk and timeline usually dwarf design risk on a development project.
- Setback & floor-area ratio (FAR)
- Setback is the minimum required distance from a structure to a property line; FAR is the ratio of allowed building floor area to lot area. Together with height limits and impervious cover they define the invisible envelope a scheme must fit — the first constraint tested in any feasibility study.
- Impact fee
- A one-time charge assessed by a jurisdiction on new development to fund the water, wastewater, roadway or park capacity it consumes. Often a material line in a project pro forma and a genuine surprise to first-time developers.
- Site plan approval
- Municipal review of a proposed site's layout — access, parking, drainage and detention, utilities, landscaping, tree preservation, impervious cover. In Austin this is frequently the longest single item on the schedule and drives when construction can actually start.
- Variance
- Formal permission to deviate from a zoning requirement, granted by a board of adjustment on a showing of hardship specific to the property. Discretionary, public, and slow — a scheme that needs one is a scheme with schedule risk.
- Historic review
- Additional design review for properties that are landmarked or sit in a historic district, judged against preservation standards. Governs demolition, additions, window replacement and exterior materials, and adds a review body with its own calendar.
- ADA & accessibility compliance
- Designing to the ADA Standards for Accessible Design and, in Texas, the Texas Accessibility Standards — accessible routes, clearances, reach ranges, restroom configurations, signage. Enforced through both plan review and private civil litigation, which makes it a live liability rather than a checklist item.
- Egress & occupancy classification
- Occupancy classification (assembly, business, mercantile, residential, institutional and so on) sets the code requirements a building must meet; egress is the resulting system of exits, corridors, stairs and travel distances that lets occupants get out. Get the classification wrong and every downstream calculation is wrong.
- Fee basis & the multiplier
- Architects price three main ways: a percentage of construction cost (typically single digits to mid teens depending on type and complexity), hourly against direct labor, or a fixed fee. The multiplier converts raw hourly labor into a billing rate by covering overhead and profit — a net multiplier near 3.0 is a common target, and a firm that prices below its true multiplier loses money on every hour it sells.
- Utilization rate & billable ratio
- The share of an employee's or the firm's total hours charged to billable projects. Too low and overhead is eating the firm; too high and nobody is doing business development, mentoring or quality review. The single most watched operational number in a design practice.
- Backlog
- Contracted but unearned fee — the work already signed and still to be delivered, usually expressed in months of revenue. The leading indicator of firm health, watched more closely than current revenue because it forecasts hiring and layoffs six to twelve months out.
- Net service revenue (NSR)
- Total revenue minus consultant fees and reimbursable pass-throughs — the money the firm actually earns for its own labor. Nearly every meaningful firm ratio (utilization, revenue per employee, profit margin) is calculated against NSR rather than gross revenue.
- Project manager vs principal in charge
- The project manager runs scope, schedule, budget and the day-to-day team. The principal in charge owns the client relationship, the design direction, and the professional and contractual responsibility. Blurring the two is a common cause of both client dissatisfaction and internal burnout.
- Design-bid-build vs design-build vs CM at risk
- The three dominant delivery methods. Design-bid-build completes documents then competitively bids, giving the owner price certainty late and the architect maximum independence. Design-build puts a single entity under contract for both, often making the architect a subconsultant to the builder. CM at risk brings a construction manager on during design who then guarantees a maximum price. Each shifts who carries risk, who the architect answers to, and how much authority design retains.
- Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
- A multi-party contract binding owner, architect and contractor into shared risk and shared reward, with pooled contingency and often waived claims among members. Rare, demanding of client sophistication, and the delivery model with the strongest collaboration outcomes when it is genuinely executed.
- Value engineering
- Nominally the search for equivalent performance at lower cost; in practice often late-stage cost cutting that strips quality after the design is set. Firms that survive it well set priorities with the owner early, so the reductions come off a ranked list instead of off the facade.
- LEED
- The USGBC's green building rating system — Certified, Silver, Gold, Platinum — scoring energy, water, materials, indoor environmental quality and site. The most widely recognized certification with corporate and institutional clients, and still the default when an owner asks for 'a green building'.
- WELL Building Standard
- IWBI's certification focused on occupant health rather than resource use — air and water quality, light, thermal comfort, acoustics, movement, nourishment, mind. Gained real traction in workplace projects where the client's argument is talent retention, not utility cost.
- Passive House
- A rigorous low-energy standard built on a very airtight, heavily insulated, thermal-bridge-free envelope with heat recovery ventilation, verified by blower-door test and energy modeling. Phius adapts it to North American climate zones; it demands envelope decisions be made in schematic design, not late.
- Embodied carbon
- The greenhouse gas emissions from extracting, manufacturing, transporting, installing and eventually disposing of building materials — as opposed to operational carbon from running the building. Concrete, steel and aluminum dominate it. Because it is emitted up front, it is now the emissions that matter most on any near-term climate timeline.
- Energy Use Intensity (EUI)
- Annual building energy use per unit of floor area, typically kBtu per square foot per year. The common currency for setting and reporting energy targets, including under the AIA 2030 Commitment, where firms report predicted EUI against a baseline across their whole portfolio.